Online style manual

Coghill, ed. A25 Cowles Reference. Cheryl Iverson, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, c A also available online Cowles Reference.

Associated Press. Paula Froke, ed. New York, Basic Books, A83 Cowles Reserves. Knisely, Karin. A Student Handbook for Writing in Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, c K59 Cowles Stacks.

The Oxford Style Manual. Ritter, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Pronominal: relating to or serving as a pronoun. Pronoun: a word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse e. I , you or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse e. Parenthetic expressions: These are words, phrases or clauses that are inserted in a sentence but remain grammatically independent of it—that is, they could be removed without affecting the sentence structure like bracketed text.

Clause: a unit of grammatical organisation next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate. Conjunction: a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause e. Verb: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear , become , happen.

Style Manual A reference document by Andy Taylor. Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers says: Personal names ending in any letter other than s take a simple apostrophe s. However, the Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers disagrees: It was previously conventional to use an apostrophe in expressions of time involving a plural reference […] The apostrophe is now often left out.

Dash Hyphens should never be used in place of an en-dash or em-dash unless using a double hyphen to represent an en-dash or a triple hyphen to represent an em-dash, e. Em-dash Parenthetic expressions 3 can use a pair of commas, em-dashes, or brackets. Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers agrees with me and goes into more detail: The style recommended for the standard dash in Australian government publications is an unspaced em rule; this eliminates any possibility of confusion with the spaced en rule.

The em rule, or dash, has three main uses: to signify an abrupt change to introduce an amplification or explanation To set apart parenthetic elements Beware of using em rules too frequently.

The Elements of Fucking Style on the dash: It can introduce an abrupt introduction or a summary, or be used as a less formal substitute for the colon. The key word to remember when using a dash is informal … …The dash implies a separation more forceful than a comma, and more relaxed that a colon: The cocktail was a thick, foul-smelling concoction—a mix of tequila, ouzo, sour mix, and lime. The grammatically correct choice is not to use a dash when another form of punctuation will work: Her concerns about my debauchery were well founded.

The spaced en-dash should be used when linking more than two words: A Victoria — New South Wales partnership But if you are linking only two words it should remain un-spaced: A Victoria—Queensland partnership The words you are linking should remain parallel in structure. So it should not be: A Victorian—Queensland partnership.

The most common use for an en-dash is to replace the word to : 9am—6pm , Monday—Friday or 24—28 Sydney Road. In this instance it should remain un-spaced: non—English speaking countries or anti—government sentiment. Ellipsis Ellipsis points should have a space before and after, and according to the Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers : With the exception of quotation marks, question marks and exclamation marks, no punctuation mark precedes the first point of ellipsis or follows the last.

Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers says: Single quotation marks are recommended for Australian government publications—in keeping with the trend towards minimal punctuation. The Elements of Style introduces it in a typically confusing manner: If two or more clauses 4 grammatically complete and not joined by a conjunction 5 are to form a single compound sentence, the proper mark of punctuation is a semicolon. It goes on to explain: A semicolon can be used between two parts of a sentence that are closely linked in meaning, provided there is at least a full clause on either side of the semicolon: We expect ministerial approval next week; the work can then start immediately.

In such instances, be sure to choose a semicolon, not a comma: Rain is forecast; however, there are no clouds to be seen. Not Rain is forecast, however there are no clouds to be seen. Title Capitalisation Capitalise all words in titles, except short words like: the , a , an , and , for , of , on , in. I am going to affect politics in this country by blowing up a building. After the bombing, new curfew laws were put into effect. Cold weather conditions have affected zoo attendance. But they're all sensible and reasonably consistent.

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